# References: Semaglutide Research Citation Index

> Semaglutide citations: all 24 primary sources referenced on this site — NEJM, JAMA, The Lancet, JAMA Psychiatry, Nature Medicine — with DOIs and PubMed links.

All semaglutide citations used across this site, organized numerically. Each citation links to the primary source.

[1] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1). N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989-1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

[2] Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. (STEP 5 Study Group). Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9556320/

[3] Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. (STEP 4 Investigators). Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/

[4] Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397:971-984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00213-0/abstract

[5] Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT). N Engl J Med. 2023. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563

[6] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834-1844. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141

[7] Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al. Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (PIONEER 6). N Engl J Med. 2019. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901118. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1901118

[8] Yang XD, Yang YY. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S470826. PMID: 38952487. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11215664/

[9] Gabery S, Salinas CG, Paulsen SJ, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133429. PMID: 32213703. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7213778/

[10] Papakonstantinou I, Tsioufis K, Katsi V. Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024. DOI: 10.3390/cimb46120872. PMID: 39728000. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11674233/

[11] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(Suppl 1). DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8089287/

[12] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) — adverse events and safety data. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989-1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

[13] Foley & Lardner LLP. GLP-1 Drugs: FDA Removes Semaglutide from the Drug Shortage List. FDA Declaratory Order / Legal Analysis. 2025. https://www.foley.com/insights/publications/2025/02/glp-1-drugs-fda-removes-semaglutide-from-drug-shortage-list/

[14] Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2) — safety and exclusion criteria. Lancet. 2021;397:971-984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00213-0/abstract

[15] FDA Label: Semaglutide subcutaneous injection (chronic weight management). Prescribing information. Updated 2025. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215256s000lbl.pdf

[16] Wadden TA, Chao AM, Tronieri JS, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394

[17] Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519

[18] Hendershot CS, Bremmer MP, Paladino MB, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4789. PMID: 39937469. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11822619/

[19] Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (FLOW). N Engl J Med. 2024;391:109-121. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2403347. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347

[20] Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (ESSENCE). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(21):2089-2099. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2413258. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/essence-phase-3-trial-of-semaglutide-showed-significant-improvements-at-72-weeks-in-adults-with-mash-published-in-nejm-302443359.html

[21] Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Perez M, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity (STEP TEENS). N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2245-2257. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208601. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601

[22] Rodbard HW, Dougherty TB, Taddei-Allen P, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 2.0 mg versus 1.0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN FORTE). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00174-1. PMID: 34293304. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(21)00174-1/abstract

[23] Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(9):1724-1732. DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0749. https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/42/9/1724/36289/PIONEER-1-Randomized-Clinical-Trial-of-the

[24] Authors as listed in PMC11909624. Alopecia and Semaglutide: Connecting the Dots for Patient Safety. PMC-indexed review. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11909624/

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Clinical trial record for one compound — semaglutide — read from the primary sources and indexed here. Not a prescriber, not a vendor.