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References: Semaglutide Research Citation Index

All semaglutide citations used across this site, organized numerically. Each citation links to the primary source. DOIs and PubMed/PMC URLs are provided where available.

  1. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1). N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989–1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 ↗
  2. Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. (STEP 5 Study Group). Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4 ↗
  3. Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. (STEP 4 Investigators). Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224 ↗
  4. Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397:971–984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0 ↗
  5. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT). N Engl J Med. 2023. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563 ↗
  6. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834–1844. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 ↗
  7. Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al. Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (PIONEER 6). N Engl J Med. 2019. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901118 ↗
  8. Yang XD, Yang YY. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Semaglutide: A Systematic Review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S470826 · PMID: 38952487 ↗
  9. Gabery S, Salinas CG, Paulsen SJ, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133429 · PMID: 32213703 ↗
  10. Papakonstantinou I, Tsioufis K, Katsi V. Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024. DOI: 10.3390/cimb46120872 · PMID: 39728000 ↗
  11. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: Exploratory Analysis of the STEP 1 Study. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(Suppl 1). DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030 ↗
  12. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) — adverse events and safety data. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989–1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 ↗
  13. Foley & Lardner LLP. GLP-1 Drugs: FDA Removes Semaglutide from the Drug Shortage List. FDA Declaratory Order / Legal Analysis. 2025. foley.com ↗
  14. Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2) — safety and exclusion criteria. Lancet. 2021;397:971–984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0 ↗
  15. FDA Label: Semaglutide subcutaneous injection (chronic weight management). Prescribing information. Updated 2025. FDA.gov ↗
  16. Wadden TA, Chao AM, Tronieri JS, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394 ↗
  17. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 ↗
  18. Hendershot CS, Bremmer MP, Paladino MB, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4789 · PMID: 39937469 ↗
  19. Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (FLOW). N Engl J Med. 2024;391:109–121. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2403347 ↗
  20. Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (ESSENCE). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(21):2089–2099. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2413258 ↗
  21. Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Perez M, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity (STEP TEENS). N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2245–2257. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208601 ↗
  22. Rodbard HW, Dougherty TB, Taddei-Allen P, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 2.0 mg versus 1.0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN FORTE). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00174-1 · PMID: 34293304 ↗
  23. Aroda VR, Rosenstock J, Terauchi Y, et al. PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(9):1724–1732. DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0749 ↗
  24. Authors as listed in PMC11909624. Alopecia and Semaglutide: Connecting the Dots for Patient Safety. PMC-indexed review. 2025. PMC11909624 ↗